Key words:

The Crisis of the Empire and the Later Mughals:
  • Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan.
  • Powerful mansabdars/zaminders/officers tried to independent.
  • Peasant and zamindari rebellions in many parts of northern and western India added to these problems.
  • Foreign rulers attack (page 141,142).

Emergence of New States:

  • Powerful subadars/zaminders/army officers established their power on their particular area to build new states.

Formation of Hyderabad:

  • Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad state,
  • Asaf Jah brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India to become powerful.

Formation of Awadh:

  • Burhan-ul-Mulk tried to decrease Mughal influence in the Awadh region by reducing the number of office holders (jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals.
  • He also reduced the size of jagirs,
  • He seized a number of Rajput zamindaris and the agriculturally fertile lands of the Afghans of Rohilkhand.

Formation of Bengal: